Preface = xi
Abbreviations = xiv
1. Introduction = 1
1.1 Performance=grammar correspondences:a gypothesis = 1
1.2 Predictions of the PGCH = 5
1.3 Efficiency and complexity = 8
1.4 Issues of explanation = 10
1.5 The challenge of multiple preferences = 13
2. Linguistic Forums, Properties, and Efficient Signaling = 15
2.1 Forms and properties = 15
2.2 Property assignments in combinationatorial
and dependency relation = 18
2.3 Efficiency and complexity in form-property signaling = 25
3. Defining the Efficiency Principles and their Predictions = 31
3.1 Minimize Domains (MiD) = 31
3.2 Minimize Forms (MiF) = 38
3.2.1 The logic of MiF = 38
3.2.2 Form minimization predictions = 41
3.2.3 Maximize the ease of processing enrichments = 44
3.3 Maximize On-line Processing (MaOP) = 49
3.3.1 Unassignments and misassignments = 51
3.3.2 The quantitative metric = 55
3.3.3 Predictions for performance and grammars = 58
4. More Form Minimization = 63
4.1 Greenberg;s markedness hierarchies = 64
4.2 Markedness hierarchies in diachrony = 68
4.2.1 Morphological inventory predictions = 69
4.2.2 Declining distinctions predictions = 73
4.3 Grammaticalization and processing = 79
4.4 The grammaticalization of definiteness marking = 82
4.4.1 Semantic/pragmatic extensions = 84
4.4.2 Syntactic extensions = 86
4.5 Processing enrichments through structural parallelism = 93
4.6 The principle of conventionalized dependency = 97
5. Adjacency Effects Within Phrases = 103
5.1 EIC preferences for adjacency in performance = 104
5.1.1 EIC in head-initial structures = 104
5.1.2 EIC in head-final structures = 108
5.2 Multiple preferences for adjacency in performance = 111
5.2.1 Multiple preferences in English = 111
5.2.2 Multiple preferences in Japanese = 118
5.2.3 Total domain differentials = 119
5.3 EIC preferences for adjacency in grammars = 123
5.3.1 The Greenbergian correlations = 123
5.3.2 Other ordering universals = 127
5.4 Multiple references for adjacency in grammar = 131
5.5 Competitions between domains and phrases = 136
5.5.1 Relative clause extrapositions in German = 142
6. Minimal Form in Complements/Adjuncts and Proximity = 147
6.1 Minimal formal marking in performance = 148
6.1.1 Wh, that/zero relativizers = 148
6.1.2 Other altermations = 154
6.2 Minimal formal marking in grammars = 159
6.3 Morphological typology and sapir's 'drift' = 166
7. Relative Clause ane Wh-movement Universals = 169
7.1 The grammar and precessing of filler-gap dependencies = 171
7.2 The Keenan-Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy = 177
7.2.1 Performance support for the FGD complexity ranking = 180
7.2.2 Grammatical support for the FGD complexity ranking = 186
7.3 Wh-fronting and basic word order = 190
7.4 Other comlpexity hierarchies = 192
7.4.1 A clause-embedding hierarchy = 193
7.4.2 Reduce additional syntactic processing = 197
7.4.3 Reduce additional semantic processing = 210
7.5 MaOP effects = 203
7.5.1 Fillers First = 203
7.5.2 Relative clause ordering asymmetries = 205
7.5.3 Grammatical conventions that facilitate filler-gap
processing = 210
7.6 That-trace in English and processing enrichments in Japanese
= 215
8.Symmetries, Asymmetric Dependencies, and Earliness Effects= 223
8.1 some cross-linguistic generalizations = 224
8.1.1 symmetries = 224
8.1.2 Asymmetries = 225
8.2 Asymmetric dependencies = 226
8.2.1 Antecedent precedes anaphor = 227
8.2.2 Subjects precede direct objects = 228
8.2.3 Topic to the left of a dependent predication = 235
8.2.4 Restrictive before appositive relatives = 240
8.3 symmetrical dependencies = 242
8.4 a hypotheses for symmetries and asymmetries = 244
8.5 Morphosyntactic asymmetries = 246
8.6 Processing in relation to antisymmetry in formal grammar = 251
9. Conclusions = 255
9.1 Support for the PGCH = 256
9.2 The performance basis of grammatical generalizations = 259
9.3 The ultimate casuality of the performance-grammar preferences
= 265
9.4 Some further ossues = 270
9.5 Acquisition and learnability = 272
References = 277
Author Index = 295
language Index = 299
Subject Index = 301
Abbreviations = xiv
1. Introduction = 1
1.1 Performance=grammar correspondences:a gypothesis = 1
1.2 Predictions of the PGCH = 5
1.3 Efficiency and complexity = 8
1.4 Issues of explanation = 10
1.5 The challenge of multiple preferences = 13
2. Linguistic Forums, Properties, and Efficient Signaling = 15
2.1 Forms and properties = 15
2.2 Property assignments in combinationatorial
and dependency relation = 18
2.3 Efficiency and complexity in form-property signaling = 25
3. Defining the Efficiency Principles and their Predictions = 31
3.1 Minimize Domains (MiD) = 31
3.2 Minimize Forms (MiF) = 38
3.2.1 The logic of MiF = 38
3.2.2 Form minimization predictions = 41
3.2.3 Maximize the ease of processing enrichments = 44
3.3 Maximize On-line Processing (MaOP) = 49
3.3.1 Unassignments and misassignments = 51
3.3.2 The quantitative metric = 55
3.3.3 Predictions for performance and grammars = 58
4. More Form Minimization = 63
4.1 Greenberg;s markedness hierarchies = 64
4.2 Markedness hierarchies in diachrony = 68
4.2.1 Morphological inventory predictions = 69
4.2.2 Declining distinctions predictions = 73
4.3 Grammaticalization and processing = 79
4.4 The grammaticalization of definiteness marking = 82
4.4.1 Semantic/pragmatic extensions = 84
4.4.2 Syntactic extensions = 86
4.5 Processing enrichments through structural parallelism = 93
4.6 The principle of conventionalized dependency = 97
5. Adjacency Effects Within Phrases = 103
5.1 EIC preferences for adjacency in performance = 104
5.1.1 EIC in head-initial structures = 104
5.1.2 EIC in head-final structures = 108
5.2 Multiple preferences for adjacency in performance = 111
5.2.1 Multiple preferences in English = 111
5.2.2 Multiple preferences in Japanese = 118
5.2.3 Total domain differentials = 119
5.3 EIC preferences for adjacency in grammars = 123
5.3.1 The Greenbergian correlations = 123
5.3.2 Other ordering universals = 127
5.4 Multiple references for adjacency in grammar = 131
5.5 Competitions between domains and phrases = 136
5.5.1 Relative clause extrapositions in German = 142
6. Minimal Form in Complements/Adjuncts and Proximity = 147
6.1 Minimal formal marking in performance = 148
6.1.1 Wh, that/zero relativizers = 148
6.1.2 Other altermations = 154
6.2 Minimal formal marking in grammars = 159
6.3 Morphological typology and sapir's 'drift' = 166
7. Relative Clause ane Wh-movement Universals = 169
7.1 The grammar and precessing of filler-gap dependencies = 171
7.2 The Keenan-Comrie Accessibility Hierarchy = 177
7.2.1 Performance support for the FGD complexity ranking = 180
7.2.2 Grammatical support for the FGD complexity ranking = 186
7.3 Wh-fronting and basic word order = 190
7.4 Other comlpexity hierarchies = 192
7.4.1 A clause-embedding hierarchy = 193
7.4.2 Reduce additional syntactic processing = 197
7.4.3 Reduce additional semantic processing = 210
7.5 MaOP effects = 203
7.5.1 Fillers First = 203
7.5.2 Relative clause ordering asymmetries = 205
7.5.3 Grammatical conventions that facilitate filler-gap
processing = 210
7.6 That-trace in English and processing enrichments in Japanese
= 215
8.Symmetries, Asymmetric Dependencies, and Earliness Effects= 223
8.1 some cross-linguistic generalizations = 224
8.1.1 symmetries = 224
8.1.2 Asymmetries = 225
8.2 Asymmetric dependencies = 226
8.2.1 Antecedent precedes anaphor = 227
8.2.2 Subjects precede direct objects = 228
8.2.3 Topic to the left of a dependent predication = 235
8.2.4 Restrictive before appositive relatives = 240
8.3 symmetrical dependencies = 242
8.4 a hypotheses for symmetries and asymmetries = 244
8.5 Morphosyntactic asymmetries = 246
8.6 Processing in relation to antisymmetry in formal grammar = 251
9. Conclusions = 255
9.1 Support for the PGCH = 256
9.2 The performance basis of grammatical generalizations = 259
9.3 The ultimate casuality of the performance-grammar preferences
= 265
9.4 Some further ossues = 270
9.5 Acquisition and learnability = 272
References = 277
Author Index = 295
language Index = 299
Subject Index = 301