Acknowledgements = xi
List of abbreviations = xiii
1.The problem of the lexical categories = 1
A theoretical lacuna = 1
Unanswerable typological questions concerning categories = 3
Categorie in dther linguistic traditions = 11
Goals, methods, amd outline of the current work = 17
2. Verbs as licensers of subjects = 23
Introduction = 23
Initial motivations = 24
The distribution of Pred = 34
Copular particles = 39
Inflection for tense = 46
Morphological causatives = 53
Word order differences = 60
Unaccusativity diagnostics = 62
Adjectives in the decomposition of verbs = 77
Are there languages without verbs? = 88
3. Nouns as bearers of a referential index = 95
What is special about nouns ? = 95
The criterion of identity = 101
Occurrence with quantifiers and determiners = 109
Nouns in binding and anaphora = 125
Nouns and movement = 132
Nouns as arguments = 142
Nouns must be related to argument positions = 153
Predicate nominals and verbalization = 159
Are nouns universal ? = 169
4. Adjectives as neither nouns nor verbs = 190
The essence of havibg no essence = 190
Attributive modification = 192
Adjectives and degree heads =212
Resultative secondary predication = 219
Adjectives and adverbs = 230
Are adjectives universal ? = 238
5. Lexical categories and the nature of the grammar = 264
What has a category ? = 265
Categories and the architecture of the grammar = 275
Why are the lexical categories universal ? = 298
Final remarks = 301
Appendix. Adpositions as functional categories = 303
Evidence that adpositions are functional = 303
The place of adposition in a typology of categories = 311
References = 326
Index = 339
List of abbreviations = xiii
1.The problem of the lexical categories = 1
A theoretical lacuna = 1
Unanswerable typological questions concerning categories = 3
Categorie in dther linguistic traditions = 11
Goals, methods, amd outline of the current work = 17
2. Verbs as licensers of subjects = 23
Introduction = 23
Initial motivations = 24
The distribution of Pred = 34
Copular particles = 39
Inflection for tense = 46
Morphological causatives = 53
Word order differences = 60
Unaccusativity diagnostics = 62
Adjectives in the decomposition of verbs = 77
Are there languages without verbs? = 88
3. Nouns as bearers of a referential index = 95
What is special about nouns ? = 95
The criterion of identity = 101
Occurrence with quantifiers and determiners = 109
Nouns in binding and anaphora = 125
Nouns and movement = 132
Nouns as arguments = 142
Nouns must be related to argument positions = 153
Predicate nominals and verbalization = 159
Are nouns universal ? = 169
4. Adjectives as neither nouns nor verbs = 190
The essence of havibg no essence = 190
Attributive modification = 192
Adjectives and degree heads =212
Resultative secondary predication = 219
Adjectives and adverbs = 230
Are adjectives universal ? = 238
5. Lexical categories and the nature of the grammar = 264
What has a category ? = 265
Categories and the architecture of the grammar = 275
Why are the lexical categories universal ? = 298
Final remarks = 301
Appendix. Adpositions as functional categories = 303
Evidence that adpositions are functional = 303
The place of adposition in a typology of categories = 311
References = 326
Index = 339