CONTENTS
Figures = xiii
Foreword = xv
Acknowledgments = xvii
1-MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT : A Historical Overview = 1
Introduction = 1
Scientific Approach = 4
Scientific Management Movement = 4
Classical Movement = 7
System Movement = 10
Human Relations Approach = 10
Human Behavior Movement = 11
Self-Actualizing Movement = 12
Systems Approach = 12
Dccision Theory Movement = 12
General Systems Theory Movement = 13
Psychological Movement = 14
Summary and Preview = 14
Notes = 16
Readings = 18
2-THE PLANNING PROCESS = 19
Library Planning = 19
What Is Planning? = 21
Factors in Planning = 22
Time = 23
Collecting and Analyzing Data = 26
Levels of Planning = 26
Flexibility = 26
Planning Techniques = 27
Developing Standards or Guidelines = 27
Forecasting = 27
Future Decisions = 29
Environment for Planning = 29
Future of Library Planning = 30
Mission, Goals, and Objectives for Libraries = 30
Formulating Objectives = 31
Levels of Objectives = 32
Broad General Mission = 32
Organization-Wide Goals = 33
Specific Objectives = 34
Activities = 35
Summary = 35
Setting Objectives = 36
Management by Objectives = 38
Policy Making = 42
Sources of Policy = 43
Levels of Policy = 44
Effective Policy Making = 44
Procedures, Rules, and Regulations = 45
Decision Making = 46
Group Decision Making = 47
Steps in Decision Making = 49
Factors in Decision Making = 49
Evaluating the Decision's Importance = 50
Notes = 50
3-ORGANIZING = 54
Introduction = 54
What Is an Organization? = 56
Formal and Informal Organizations = 57
Libraries as Organizations = 57
Organizational Structure = 58
Specialization = 59
3-ORGANIZING(continued)
Departmentation = 59
Methods of Departmentation = 60
Numbers = 60
Function = 61
Territory = 61
Product = 62
Customer = 62
Process or Equipment = 63
Subject = 63
Form of Resources = 64
Summary = 65
The Vertical Hierarchy = 66
The Scalar Principle and the Vertical Hierarchy = 67
Delegation = 68
Centralization and Decentralization = 69
Unity of Command = 70
Span of Management = 71
Line and Staff Positions = 73
Functional Authority = 74
Coordination and Integration = 75
Organization Charts = 78
The Types of Formal Organizations = 83
Organic Systems = 86
Committees = 87
Task Force or Project Management = 88
Matrix Organizational Structure = 88
Conclusion = 92
Notes = 92
4-STAFFING = 96
Types of Staff = 97
Staffing Levels = 98
Establishing the Organizational Framework for Staffing = 100
What Is a Job? = 100
Job Descriptions = 102
Job Analysis = 103
Job Evaluation = 104
Personnel Functions = 106
Recruitment and Hiring = 106
Application Forms = 107
Applicant Testing = 108
Personal Interviews = 108
Background Verification = 109
Hiring = 110
Training = 110
General Orientation = 111
Specific Job Training = 111
Staff Development = 113
4-STAFFING(continued)
Personnel Functions(continued)
Performance Appraisals = 114
Problems in Rating = 117
Methods of Performance Appraisal = 119
The Performance Appraisal Review = 126
The Performance Appraisal Interview = 126
Salary Administration = 128
Determination of Salary to Be Paid = 129
Development of a Salary Structure = 132
Salary Increases = 134
Fringe Benefits = 135
Comparable Worth = 137
Discipline and Grievances = 138
Personnel Policies and Procedures = 140
External Impacts on Staffing = 142
Equal Employment Opportunity = 142
Civil Rights Act of 1964 = 142
Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action = 144
Additional Equal Opportunity Legislation = 145
Unionization = 146
Collective Bargaining Procedures = 148
Conclusion = 149
Notes = 150
5-DIRECTING = 152
Introduction = 152
The Human Element of the Organization = 154
The Hawthorne Studies = 154
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y = 155
Argyris Immaturity-Maturity Theory = 157
Structuring the Human Element in Organizations = 158
Motivating = 159
Malow's Hierarchy of Needs = 160
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation = 162
Vroom's Expectancy Theory = 164
Behavior Modification = 165
How Should Managers Motivate? = 167
Leadership = 168
Trait Approach to the Study of Leadership = 169
Ohio State and University of Michigan Studies = 169
The Likert Theory of Management = 170
The Managerial Grid = 171
Fiedler's Leadership Contingency Model = 173
Participative Management = 175
Japanese Management and Quality Circles = 176
The Leadership Challenge = 178
5-DIRECTING (continued)
Communication = 180
A Model of Communication = 180
Organizational Communication = 182
Types of Communication = 182
Communication Flows = 183
Informal Organizational Communication = 185
The Contingency Approach to Management = 186
Conclusion = 189
Notes = 189
6-PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL = 193
Requirements for Adequate Control = 195
Establishing Standards = 196
Measurement of Performance against Standards = 197
Correction of Deviation = 198
Techniques of Control = 198
Evaluation = 198
Cost Benefit Analysis = 199
Time and Motion Study = 200
Operations Research = 200
PERT = 202
Budgetary Control = 204
Budgeting Techniques for Libraries = 206
Line-Item = 206
Lump Sum = 207
Formula Budgets = 207
Program Budgeting = 210
Performance Budgeting = 212
Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS) = 212
Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) = 214
Accounting and Reporting = 219
Notes = 219
7-CHANGE-Its Impact on Library Management Development = 222
The Change Process = 222
Library Management Development-A Postscript = 229
Notes = 232
Appendix 1 - Mission, Goals, and Objectives = 237
Appendix 2 - Library Education and Personnel Utilization Statement = 265
Appendix 3 - Organization Charts = 273
Appendix 4 - Job Descriptions = 280
Appendix 5 - Performance Appraisal Forms = 289
Appendix 6 - Labor Agreement Contract = 308
Appendix 7 - Budget and Justification Forms = 348
Index = 367
Figures = xiii
Foreword = xv
Acknowledgments = xvii
1-MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT : A Historical Overview = 1
Introduction = 1
Scientific Approach = 4
Scientific Management Movement = 4
Classical Movement = 7
System Movement = 10
Human Relations Approach = 10
Human Behavior Movement = 11
Self-Actualizing Movement = 12
Systems Approach = 12
Dccision Theory Movement = 12
General Systems Theory Movement = 13
Psychological Movement = 14
Summary and Preview = 14
Notes = 16
Readings = 18
2-THE PLANNING PROCESS = 19
Library Planning = 19
What Is Planning? = 21
Factors in Planning = 22
Time = 23
Collecting and Analyzing Data = 26
Levels of Planning = 26
Flexibility = 26
Planning Techniques = 27
Developing Standards or Guidelines = 27
Forecasting = 27
Future Decisions = 29
Environment for Planning = 29
Future of Library Planning = 30
Mission, Goals, and Objectives for Libraries = 30
Formulating Objectives = 31
Levels of Objectives = 32
Broad General Mission = 32
Organization-Wide Goals = 33
Specific Objectives = 34
Activities = 35
Summary = 35
Setting Objectives = 36
Management by Objectives = 38
Policy Making = 42
Sources of Policy = 43
Levels of Policy = 44
Effective Policy Making = 44
Procedures, Rules, and Regulations = 45
Decision Making = 46
Group Decision Making = 47
Steps in Decision Making = 49
Factors in Decision Making = 49
Evaluating the Decision's Importance = 50
Notes = 50
3-ORGANIZING = 54
Introduction = 54
What Is an Organization? = 56
Formal and Informal Organizations = 57
Libraries as Organizations = 57
Organizational Structure = 58
Specialization = 59
3-ORGANIZING(continued)
Departmentation = 59
Methods of Departmentation = 60
Numbers = 60
Function = 61
Territory = 61
Product = 62
Customer = 62
Process or Equipment = 63
Subject = 63
Form of Resources = 64
Summary = 65
The Vertical Hierarchy = 66
The Scalar Principle and the Vertical Hierarchy = 67
Delegation = 68
Centralization and Decentralization = 69
Unity of Command = 70
Span of Management = 71
Line and Staff Positions = 73
Functional Authority = 74
Coordination and Integration = 75
Organization Charts = 78
The Types of Formal Organizations = 83
Organic Systems = 86
Committees = 87
Task Force or Project Management = 88
Matrix Organizational Structure = 88
Conclusion = 92
Notes = 92
4-STAFFING = 96
Types of Staff = 97
Staffing Levels = 98
Establishing the Organizational Framework for Staffing = 100
What Is a Job? = 100
Job Descriptions = 102
Job Analysis = 103
Job Evaluation = 104
Personnel Functions = 106
Recruitment and Hiring = 106
Application Forms = 107
Applicant Testing = 108
Personal Interviews = 108
Background Verification = 109
Hiring = 110
Training = 110
General Orientation = 111
Specific Job Training = 111
Staff Development = 113
4-STAFFING(continued)
Personnel Functions(continued)
Performance Appraisals = 114
Problems in Rating = 117
Methods of Performance Appraisal = 119
The Performance Appraisal Review = 126
The Performance Appraisal Interview = 126
Salary Administration = 128
Determination of Salary to Be Paid = 129
Development of a Salary Structure = 132
Salary Increases = 134
Fringe Benefits = 135
Comparable Worth = 137
Discipline and Grievances = 138
Personnel Policies and Procedures = 140
External Impacts on Staffing = 142
Equal Employment Opportunity = 142
Civil Rights Act of 1964 = 142
Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action = 144
Additional Equal Opportunity Legislation = 145
Unionization = 146
Collective Bargaining Procedures = 148
Conclusion = 149
Notes = 150
5-DIRECTING = 152
Introduction = 152
The Human Element of the Organization = 154
The Hawthorne Studies = 154
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y = 155
Argyris Immaturity-Maturity Theory = 157
Structuring the Human Element in Organizations = 158
Motivating = 159
Malow's Hierarchy of Needs = 160
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation = 162
Vroom's Expectancy Theory = 164
Behavior Modification = 165
How Should Managers Motivate? = 167
Leadership = 168
Trait Approach to the Study of Leadership = 169
Ohio State and University of Michigan Studies = 169
The Likert Theory of Management = 170
The Managerial Grid = 171
Fiedler's Leadership Contingency Model = 173
Participative Management = 175
Japanese Management and Quality Circles = 176
The Leadership Challenge = 178
5-DIRECTING (continued)
Communication = 180
A Model of Communication = 180
Organizational Communication = 182
Types of Communication = 182
Communication Flows = 183
Informal Organizational Communication = 185
The Contingency Approach to Management = 186
Conclusion = 189
Notes = 189
6-PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL = 193
Requirements for Adequate Control = 195
Establishing Standards = 196
Measurement of Performance against Standards = 197
Correction of Deviation = 198
Techniques of Control = 198
Evaluation = 198
Cost Benefit Analysis = 199
Time and Motion Study = 200
Operations Research = 200
PERT = 202
Budgetary Control = 204
Budgeting Techniques for Libraries = 206
Line-Item = 206
Lump Sum = 207
Formula Budgets = 207
Program Budgeting = 210
Performance Budgeting = 212
Planning Programming Budgeting System (PPBS) = 212
Zero Based Budgeting (ZBB) = 214
Accounting and Reporting = 219
Notes = 219
7-CHANGE-Its Impact on Library Management Development = 222
The Change Process = 222
Library Management Development-A Postscript = 229
Notes = 232
Appendix 1 - Mission, Goals, and Objectives = 237
Appendix 2 - Library Education and Personnel Utilization Statement = 265
Appendix 3 - Organization Charts = 273
Appendix 4 - Job Descriptions = 280
Appendix 5 - Performance Appraisal Forms = 289
Appendix 6 - Labor Agreement Contract = 308
Appendix 7 - Budget and Justification Forms = 348
Index = 367